Mastitis
Signs, Treatment & Prevention
As new parents, you're navigating the exciting and sometimes challenging journey of caring for your baby. Among the various concerns you may encounter, mastitis can be a particularly uncomfortable and distressing condition.
In this article, we'll shed light on mastitis, its signs, treatment options, and preventive measures, empowering you to recognize and address this common breastfeeding issue effectively.
What is mastitis?
Mastitis is an inflammation of the breast tissue that often occurs during breastfeeding. It is typically caused by a bacterial infection when milk ducts become blocked, leading to the development of painful, swollen, and red breasts.
The infection can result from bacteria entering the breast through cracked or damaged nipples (1).
What causes mastitis?
Shedding light on the factors that contribute to mastitis can empower new mothers with the knowledge they need to minimise their risk. Here are the most common causes of mastitis:
Milk Stasis
One of the primary causes of mastitis is milk stasis, which occurs when breast milk is not effectively drained from the breast.
Inadequate or infrequent breastfeeding, poor latch, skipped feedings, and abrupt weaning can all contribute to milk stasis. When milk remains stagnant within the breast, it increases the likelihood of bacterial growth and subsequent infection (1).
Ineffective Milk Removal
Ineffective milk removal is closely linked to milk stasis. This occurs when the baby does not effectively empty the breast during feeding.
Factors that contribute to ineffective milk removal include improper latch, tongue tie, weak sucking, or a baby's difficulty in transferring milk efficiently. When milk is not fully removed from the breast, it can lead to engorgement and increased risk of mastitis (2).
Nipple Damage and Cracked Nipples
Cracked or damaged nipples provide a potential entry point for bacteria, leading to mastitis. Incorrect latch, forceful sucking, or the use of improperly sized breast pumps can cause nipple trauma.
Damaged nipples not only cause pain and discomfort but also increase the likelihood of bacterial infection (3).
Weakened Immune System
A compromised immune system can make women more susceptible to mastitis. Factors such as fatigue, stress, lack of sleep, poor nutrition, or preexisting health conditions can weaken the immune system's ability to fight off bacterial infections.
A compromised immune response may make it harder for the body to fend off the bacteria that can cause mastitis (4).
Engorgement and Blocked Milk Ducts
Breast engorgement, which occurs when the breasts are overly full, can contribute to mastitis. Engorgement can happen when milk is not effectively removed, leading to swelling, pain, and inflammation.
Blocked milk ducts, which can result from engorgement or inadequate milk removal, further increase the risk of mastitis as the stagnant milk creates a breeding ground for bacteria (5).
Signs of Mastitis
Recognising the signs of mastitis is crucial for early intervention and prompt treatment. Here are some common symptoms to watch out for:
Breast pain and tenderness: Mastitis usually causes a localized, persistent pain in the affected breast.
Breast swelling and redness: The infected breast may appear swollen, warm to the touch, and have red patches.
Flu-like symptoms: You may experience fever, chills, body aches, and fatigue.
Breast engorgement: Mastitis can make the breast feel firm and engorged, even if it's not time for a feeding.
Presence of pus or blood in breast milk: In severe cases, you may notice pus or blood in the breast milk (2).
Treatment for Mastitis
Prompt treatment is essential to resolve mastitis and prevent complications.
Here are some effective strategies:
Continued breastfeeding or pumping: Emptying the affected breast through frequent breastfeeding sessions or pumping helps relieve the blockage and promotes milk flow (3).
Adequate rest and hydration: Get plenty of rest and drink fluids to support your body's healing process.
Pain relief: Over-the-counter pain relievers like ibuprofen or paracetamol can help alleviate pain and reduce inflammation (4).
Antibiotics: If the infection is bacterial, your healthcare provider may prescribe antibiotics to target the specific bacteria causing mastitis. Follow the prescribed course of antibiotics diligently (5).
Warm compresses and gentle massage: Applying warm compresses or taking warm showers before breastfeeding can help relieve pain and promote milk flow. Gentle massaging of the affected area may also aid in unblocking the milk ducts (6).
Mastitis Prevention
Taking proactive measures can significantly reduce the risk of developing mastitis.
Consider the following preventive steps:
Ensure proper latch and positioning: Ensure your baby latches onto the breast correctly, as a poor latch can lead to ineffective milk removal and potential blockages.
Frequent breastfeeding: Aim to breastfeed your baby frequently, allowing for efficient milk drainage and reducing the chances of engorgement.
Maintain breast hygiene: Keep your nipples clean and dry. After breastfeeding, ensure your breasts are empty, and if necessary, gently express any remaining milk (7).
Avoid tight clothing and pressure on the breasts: Wearing loose-fitting clothes and a supportive bra can help prevent constriction and minimize discomfort.
Address cracked or damaged nipples: Seek guidance from a lactation consultant or healthcare provider to address any nipple issues promptly, as they can provide an entry point for bacteria.
While mastitis can be an unwelcome challenge during your breastfeeding journey, understanding its signs, treatment options, and preventive measures empowers you to manage it effectively.
Remember, seeking support from healthcare professionals and reaching out to an International Board Certified Lactation Consultant (IBCLC) can provide invaluable guidance and assistance.
By prioritizing self-care, maintaining good breast hygiene, and promptly addressing any concerns, you can navigate mastitis with confidence, ensuring a comfortable and fulfilling breastfeeding experience for both you and your baby.
If you’re concerned that you may be experiencing mastitis and need support, we’re here to help. Please reach out to us and book a consult with our experienced lactation consultants today.
Mastitis FAQs
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Mastitis typically requires treatment and does not usually resolve on its own. Without proper intervention, the infection can worsen and potentially lead to complications. It is important to seek medical advice and begin appropriate treatment as soon as possible. With timely and appropriate management, mastitis can be effectively resolved, allowing you to recover and continue breastfeeding comfortably.
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Recognizing the signs and symptoms of mastitis is crucial for early intervention. If you experience any of the following, it's important to consider the possibility of mastitis:
Breast pain and tenderness: Mastitis often causes localized pain or a burning sensation in the affected breast. The pain may be constant or worsen during breastfeeding.
Breast swelling and redness: The infected breast may appear swollen, warm to the touch, and have red patches. The redness may extend beyond the area of the blocked milk duct.
Flu-like symptoms: Mastitis can cause symptoms similar to the flu, including fever (temperature above 38°C), chills, body aches, and fatigue. These symptoms may appear suddenly.
Breast engorgement: Mastitis can cause the affected breast to feel firm, heavy, and engorged, even if it's not time for a feeding. The breast may also feel lumpy or have a localized hard area.
Presence of pus or blood in breast milk: In severe cases, you may notice pus or blood in the breast milk. This can indicate an advanced infection and should be promptly addressed.
If you are experiencing any of these symptoms or have concerns about mastitis, it is recommended to consult with a healthcare professional, such as an International Board Certified Lactation Consultant or your primary care provider. They can evaluate your symptoms, provide a proper diagnosis, and guide you through appropriate treatment options.
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To effectively treat mastitis, it's important to take the following steps:
Continual breastfeeding or pumping: The first line of treatment for mastitis is frequent and thorough removal of milk from the affected breast. Breastfeed your baby or use a breast pump regularly to empty the breast. This helps alleviate milk stasis and encourages better milk flow.
Apply warm compresses: Prior to nursing or pumping, applying warm compresses to the affected breast can help reduce pain and facilitate milk flow. You can use warm washcloths, a warm water bottle, or take a warm shower.
Massage the affected area: Gently massaging the area around the blockage or tender spot while nursing or pumping can help loosen the blockage and improve milk drainage.
Ensure proper latch and positioning: Ensure your baby is properly latched onto the breast during breastfeeding. A lactation consultant can provide guidance and assistance in achieving a good latch, which promotes effective milk removal.
Rest and hydration: Get plenty of rest and stay well-hydrated. Adequate rest and hydration support your body's healing process and overall well-being.
Pain relief: Over-the-counter pain relievers, such as ibuprofen or paracetamol, can help alleviate pain and reduce inflammation. Always consult with your healthcare provider before taking any medication while breastfeeding.
Complete the prescribed course of antibiotics: If your mastitis is caused by a bacterial infection, your healthcare provider may prescribe antibiotics. It's essential to take the full course of antibiotics as prescribed, even if you start feeling better, to ensure complete eradication of the infection.
Seek professional guidance: Consult with a healthcare professional, such as an Internataional Board Certified Lactation Consultant (IBCLC) or your primary care provider, for a proper diagnosis and guidance on treatment. They can provide personalized recommendations and monitor your progress.
It's important to start treatment early to prevent complications. If symptoms worsen or do not improve within 24 to 48 hours of implementing these measures, seek medical attention promptly.
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For any mum, the beginning of mastitis may feel uncomfortable and alarming. Here are some common experiences and sensations that mothers may encounter at the onset of mastitis:
Breast pain and tenderness: You may notice localized pain or a burning sensation in one breast. The affected area can feel sore to the touch, and the pain may intensify during breastfeeding or pumping.
Breast swelling and redness: The infected breast may appear swollen, larger than usual, and feel warm to the touch. Redness or pink discoloration may be present, often in a wedge-shaped pattern radiating from the nipple.
Flu-like symptoms: In addition to breast-related symptoms, you may experience flu-like symptoms such as fever, chills, body aches, and fatigue. These symptoms can come on suddenly and may be accompanied by a general feeling of being unwell.
Engorgement and lumps: The affected breast may feel firm, engorged, or heavier than the other breast. You may notice lumps or areas of hardness in the breast, indicating blocked milk ducts.
Nipple changes: Your nipples may become sensitive, cracked, or appear flattened due to swelling or engorgement. Discharge or blood in the breast milk can occur in more severe cases.
It's important to remember that these symptoms may vary from person to person, and not all mums will experience every symptom. If you notice any of these signs or have concerns about mastitis, seek medical advice from a healthcare professional, such as an International Board Certified Lactation Consultant (IBCLC) or your primary care provider, for a proper evaluation and guidance on treatment. Early intervention can help prevent the infection from worsening and promote a quicker recovery.
References
Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine Protocol Committee. (2019). ABM Clinical Protocol #4: Mastitis, Revised March 2014. Breastfeeding Medicine, 14(6), 417-423. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2014.9984
Amir, L. H. (2014). Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine Protocol #4: Mastitis. Breastfeeding Medicine, 9(5), 239-243. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2014.9984
Lawrence, R. A., & Lawrence, R. M. (2016). Mastitis and breast abscesses. In Breastfeeding: A Guide for the Medical Profession (8th ed., pp. 727-754). Elsevier.
Hale, T. W. (2021). Medications and Mothers' Milk: A Manual of Lactational Pharmacology (19th ed.). Springer Publishing Company.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Antibiotic Use in the United States: Progress and Opportunities. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/antibiotic-use/stewardship-report/pdf/stewardship-report.pdf
Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine Protocol Committee. (2012). ABM Clinical Protocol #4: Mastitis, Revised March 2014. Breastfeeding Medicine, 7(6), 463-469. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2012.9974
La Leche League International. (2021). Mastitis: Plugged Ducts and Breast Infections. Retrieved from https://www.llli.org/breastfeeding-info/mastitis/
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Full Circle Midwifery & Lactation Support does not accept any liability to any person for the information or advice (or use of such information or advice) which is provided on the Full Circle Midwifery & Lactation Support Website or incorporated into it by reference. Full Circle Midwifery & Lactation Support provides this information on the understanding that all persons accessing it take responsibility for assessing its relevance and accuracy. Women are encouraged to discuss their health needs with a health practitioner. If you have concerns about your health, you should seek advice from your healthcare provider or if you require urgent care you should go to the nearest hospital, emergency department or make an urgent appointment with www.cubcare.com.
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